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Workforce burnout

Can the system replace burned-out clinicians, or is the training pipeline itself throttled?

Physician burnout hit a record 62.8 percent in 2021 and eased to 45.2 percent in 2023, still above pre-pandemic levels. Specialties with the heaviest electronic-record load report some of the highest burnout, and health care workers die by suicide at rates above the general working population.

Question

The problem

Workforce burnout is a national capacity risk for hospitals and clinics because exhausted clinicians cannot be replaced quickly when training pipelines are constrained. Documentation load, staffing stress, faculty shortages, and pay gaps combine into an operating threat that affects access, quality, and financial performance.

The recommendation

Treat workforce sustainability as a retention and pipeline strategy. The recommended approach is to reduce documentation burden, improve staffing models, invest in faculty and training capacity, and monitor whether burnout interventions actually preserve clinical hours in underserved markets.

How bad, and who

The national trajectory, from a record 62.8 percent down to 45.2 percent, and which specialties carry the heaviest load now versus which are easing.

45.2%
of physicians reported at least one burnout symptom in 2023
Down from a record 62.8 percent in 2021, but still above the pre-pandemic level.
62.8%
peak physician burnout, 2021
The highest level recorded in the AMA and Mayo Clinic national survey.

Physician burnout, national trend 2011 through 2023

Share of physicians reporting at least one symptom of burnout, AMA / Mayo Clinic / Stanford study.

Read it this way The spike to 62.8 percent in 2021 and partial retreat to 45.2 percent by 2023 shows burnout does not climb steadily, it swings with events, here the pandemic. The 2023 level still sits above every pre-pandemic reading except 2014, so the retreat has not returned burnout to its historical floor. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 201120142017202020212023 All physicians PERCENT REPORTING A BURNOUT SYMPTOM
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
YearPercent reporting burnout
201145.5
201454.4
201743.9
202038.2
202162.8
202345.2

Shanafelt et al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings (AMA / Mayo Clinic / Stanford national study) · 2011-2023 · source

Burnout by specialty, 2023 survey wave, ranked

Bars above the line are more burned out than the national physician average. Medscape opt-in panel, directional per specialty.

Read it this way The ten specialties above the 45.2 national reference line, led by Emergency Medicine at 63 percent, are where burnout concentrates. The ten below it, down to Plastic Surgery at 37 percent, are relatively less affected. This is a different, opt-in survey than the national trend line, so use it to compare specialties against each other, not to update the national figure. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

Caveat Medscape is a large opt-in online panel using a single self-report item, not comparable to the AMA / Mayo national instrument in the trend chart. The reference line is the AMA / Mayo national figure, shown for orientation only.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Emergency Medicine 63% Ob/Gyn 53% Oncology 53% Pediatrics 51% Family Medicine 51% Radiology 51% Internal Medicine 50% Anesthesiology 50% Pulmonary Medicine 50% Gastroenterology 50% Critical Care 45% General Surgery 45% Neurology 44% Endocrinology 44% Orthopedics 44% Otolaryngology (ENT) 43% Pathology 41% Ophthalmology 39% Psychiatry 39% Plastic Surgery 37% National average 45.2
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
SpecialtyBurnout %, 2023
Emergency Medicine63
Ob/Gyn53
Oncology53
Pediatrics51
Family Medicine51
Radiology51
Internal Medicine50
Anesthesiology50
Pulmonary Medicine50
Gastroenterology50
Critical Care45
General Surgery45
Neurology44
Endocrinology44
Orthopedics44
Otolaryngology (ENT)43
Pathology41
Ophthalmology39
Psychiatry39
Plastic Surgery37

Medscape Physician Burnout and Depression Reports 2023 and 2024 · 2022-2023 · source

Burnout by specialty, 2022 versus 2023 survey waves

Medscape opt-in panel. Directionally informative, not a nationally representative estimate per specialty. The 15 specialties with a point in both waves.

Read it this way Every one of these 15 specialties shows a lower or flat 2023 bar next to its 2022 bar, so the easing in burnout was broad rather than concentrated in one field. Internal Medicine's drop from 60 to 50 percent is the largest swing shown. This pairs only the specialties present in both survey waves, so it cannot speak to the three specialties dropped from the comparison. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

Caveat Medscape is a large opt-in online panel using a single self-report item, not comparable to the AMA / Mayo national instrument in the trend chart. Three specialties with only a 2022 point are excluded from this paired view.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 65% 63% Emergency Medicine 58% 53% Ob/Gyn 52% 53% Oncology 59% 51% Pediatrics 57% 51% Family Medicine 54% 51% Radiology 60% 50% Internal Medicine 55% 50% Anesthesiology 54% 50% Pulmonary Medicine 52% 50% Gastroenterology 55% 45% Critical Care 51% 45% General Surgery 55% 44% Neurology 51% 44% Endocrinology 45% 44% Orthopedics 2022 2023
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
Specialty2022 %2023 %
Emergency Medicine6563
Ob/Gyn5853
Oncology5253
Pediatrics5951
Family Medicine5751
Radiology5451
Internal Medicine6050
Anesthesiology5550
Pulmonary Medicine5450
Gastroenterology5250
Critical Care5545
General Surgery5145
Neurology5544
Endocrinology5144
Orthopedics4544

Medscape Physician Burnout and Depression Reports 2023 and 2024 · 2022-2023 · source

The cause and the cost

The measured driver, documentation and electronic-record load, paired with the human toll of suicide risk above the general working population.

21.4
suicide deaths per 100,000 among health care support workers
The highest-risk health care tier, versus 12.6 for the general working population.
16.0
suicide deaths per 100,000 among nurses
Above the 12.6 rate for the general working population, 2008 to 2019.

Electronic record time versus burnout, by specialty

Each point is a specialty. Two independently sourced measures from the same window, not a computed correlation.

Read it this way Family Medicine and Internal Medicine sit at both the highest electronic-record time, 7.3 hours per 8 scheduled patient hours, and among the highest burnout, 57 and 60 percent, while Anesthesiology logs far less record time (2.5 hours) alongside comparable burnout, so the pattern is not uniform across every specialty. The two measures come from separately fielded surveys matched only by specialty label, so this shows an association worth noting, not a proven cause. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

Caveat EHR time (Nov 2021 to Apr 2022) and burnout (Medscape wave fielded Jun to Oct 2022) are separately sourced and paired by specialty label. No correlation coefficient is claimed.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0.02.55.07.510.0 Infectious Disease Endocrinology Nephrology Family Medicine Internal Medicine Anesthesiology Orthopedics EHR HOURS PER 8 SCHEDULED PATIENT HOURS PERCENT REPORTING BURNOUT
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
SpecialtyEHR hours per 8 patient hoursBurnout %
Infectious Disease8.458
Endocrinology7.751
Nephrology7.544
Family Medicine7.357
Internal Medicine7.360
Anesthesiology2.555
Orthopedics3.345

Holmgren et al., J Gen Intern Med 2024 (EHR time); Medscape 2023 (burnout) · 2022 · source

Suicide rate, health care workers versus the general working population

Deaths per 100,000, national cohort 2008 through 2019. Comparator is non health care workers.

Read it this way All three health care groups sit above the general working population's rate of 12.6 per 100,000, with support workers highest at 21.4, so elevated suicide risk is not limited to physicians or nurses alone. The comparator group is other workers, not the full US population, which is a narrower baseline than it might first appear. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

Caveat All four figures are from the same Olfson et al. study, whose comparator is non health care workers, not the total US population.

0 6.3 12.5 18.8 25 Health care support workers 21.4 Nurses 16 Physicians 13.1 General working population 12.6 General working population 12.6
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
GroupSuicide rate per 100k
Health care support workers21.4
Nurses16
Physicians13.1
General working population12.6

Olfson et al., JAMA 2023, Suicide Risks of Health Care Workers in the US · 2008-2019 · source

Nurse suicide rate within each sex, 2005 to 2016

Deaths per 100,000. The elevated nurse risk holds within each sex, which aggregate comparisons understate.

Read it this way Within both sexes, nurses' suicide rate exceeds the sex-matched general population: 10.0 versus 7.0 for women and 33.0 versus 27.0 for men, which rules out the elevated nurse rate elsewhere on this page being just an artifact of nursing's mostly-female workforce. This uses a different comparator and time window than the Olfson figures on this page, so the two should not be combined into one number. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

Caveat Davidson et al. compares nurses to the sex-matched general population over 2005 to 2016. Do not combine with the Olfson figures, which use a different comparator and window.

0 12.5 25 37.5 50 10 7 Female 33 27 Male Nurses General population
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
SexNurses per 100kGeneral population per 100k
Female107
Male3327

Davidson et al., Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 2020, A Longitudinal Analysis of Nurse Suicide in the US · 2005-2016 · source

Can we replace them

Whether the training pipeline can replenish a burning-out workforce, and the faculty-compensation bottleneck throttling it.

65,766
qualified nursing-school applicants turned away in 2023
The pipeline has rejected between 56,000 and 92,000 qualified applicants every year for a decade.
$37,355
less pay for teaching than for clinical practice
Nurse faculty earn 30 percent less than nurse practitioners in practice, 2023.

Qualified nursing-school applicants turned away, 2014 to 2023

Every one of these applicants met admission standards but found no seat.

Read it this way The line never drops below 56,000 turned away in any year and peaked at 91,938 in 2021, showing a decade-long, persistent bottleneck rather than a one-time problem. The 2023 figure of 65,766 is an improvement from the 2021 peak but still well above the 2017 low. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 201420162018202020222023 Qualified applicants turned away QUALIFIED APPLICANTS TURNED AWAY
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
YearQualified applicants turned away
201468938
201568936
201664067
201756000
201880407
201980521
202080407
202191938
202278191
202365766

American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing · 2023 · source

Why qualified applicants are turned away

Faculty shortage alone accounts for 64 percent, dwarfing every other constraint.

Read it this way Faculty shortage's 64 percent share dwarfs every other listed constraint, including insufficient clinical sites at 14 percent, so a fix aimed only at classroom space or clinical placements would leave the largest driver untouched. These five categories are the reported drivers of capacity limits and sum to 100 percent, so there is no unlisted cause hiding outside this breakdown. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

Caveat Shares are the reported drivers of program capacity limits and sum to 100 percent.

64% faculty shortage Faculty shortage 64% · 64% Insufficient clinical sites 14% · 14% Insufficient classroom or lab space 9% · 9% Insufficient preceptors 8% · 8% Budget cuts 5% · 5%
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
DriverShare %
Faculty shortage64
Insufficient clinical sites14
Insufficient classroom or lab space9
Insufficient preceptors8
Budget cuts5

American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing · 2023 · source

Nurse faculty pay versus clinical practice, 2023

A master's-prepared nurse earns about $37,355 more in clinical practice than in teaching, which feeds the faculty shortage.

Read it this way The $37,355 gap between what a nurse earns teaching ($87,325) versus practicing clinically ($124,680) is a direct incentive against becoming faculty, which lines up with faculty shortage being the dominant driver of turned-away applicants in the donut chart above. This is one salary comparison for one faculty rank, not a full accounting of every cost or benefit of an academic nursing career. Use this chart to see whether the workforce risk is retention, workload, or replacement capacity, and why the recommendation addresses both burnout and the training pipeline.

$0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 Nurse faculty (associate professor) $87,325 Nurse practitioner in practice $124,680
⊞ data table⬇ CSV
RoleMedian salary
Nurse faculty (associate professor)87325
Nurse practitioner in practice124680

American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Salaries of Instructional and Administrative Nursing Faculty · 2023 · source

Geography

The same question, state by state and then county by county. Pick a state in the filter above to drill into its counties.

Primary-care physicians per 100k

County · direct count

Each tile is a state. Pick a state in the Scope control above to drill into its counties.

AK 71.9 ME 73.2 WA 56.1 ID 37.1 MT 45.4 ND 39.6 MN 58.4 WI 55.5 MI 42.4 NY 53.6 VT 84.4 NH 79.8 OR 66 NV 41.7 WY 60.6 SD 40.3 IA 35.8 IL 38.6 IN 42 OH 39.2 PA 50.2 NJ 62.7 MA 84.5 CA 62.6 UT 38 CO 54 NE 47 MO 26.6 KY 36.5 WV 38.2 VA 51.6 MD 61.4 CT RI 97.5 AZ 46.3 NM 44.7 KS 47 AR 41.2 TN 37.5 NC 47.5 SC 45.4 DC 129.1 DE 55 OK 25.1 LA 42.3 MS 33.8 AL 38.9 GA 38.1 TX 32.8 FL 43.9 HI 62.9 better than benchmark worse

HRSA Area Health Resources File · 2023 · source

Registered nurses per 100k

County · direct count

Each tile is a state. Pick a state in the Scope control above to drill into its counties.

AK 231.3 ME 428.3 WA 246 ID 215.7 MT 348.6 ND 331.9 MN 226.2 WI 217.8 MI 287 NY 359.6 VT 334.5 NH 490.6 OR 261 NV 207.3 WY 352.4 SD 336.2 IA 352.9 IL 280.1 IN 214.4 OH 279.4 PA 314.1 NJ 327.4 MA 307.6 CA 240.8 UT 214.5 CO 242.4 NE 335.3 MO 239.9 KY 282.7 WV 356.4 VA 336.3 MD 332.8 CT RI 183.2 AZ 326.5 NM 208.5 KS 399.4 AR 214.2 TN 193 NC 274.2 SC 238.2 DC 868.8 DE 422.3 OK 215.8 LA 256.7 MS 288.2 AL 242.4 GA 243.6 TX 190 FL 260.6 HI 224.5 better than benchmark worse

HRSA Area Health Resources File · 2023 · source

Why this matters

Electronic health record time tracks with burnout in several specialties: Family Medicine and Internal Medicine log the most EHR hours per scheduled patient hours (7.3) and also report among the highest burnout (57 and 60 percent), though low-EHR-time Anesthesiology still reports comparable burnout, so documentation load is one driver, not the only one. On the pipeline side, faculty shortage accounts for 64 percent of why qualified nursing applicants are turned away, and nurse faculty earn $37,355 less than nurses in clinical practice, a direct financial disincentive against replenishing the teaching pipeline.

Recommended actions

  • Target documentation and inbox-burden reduction first in Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, and other high-EHR-time specialties.
  • Screen for suicide risk across all health care worker tiers, not physicians alone, since support workers show the highest rate measured.
  • Close or narrow the nurse faculty pay gap to relieve the primary bottleneck, 64 percent of rejections, in the nursing pipeline.
  • Expand clinical-site and preceptor capacity as secondary levers, since they account for a combined 22 percent of turned-away applicants.
  • Track burnout by specialty and survey wave to catch reversals early, since the 2023 easing was broad but not universal.

The recommendation

Therefore, treat workforce sustainability as a retention and pipeline strategy. The recommended approach is to reduce documentation burden, improve staffing models, invest in faculty and training capacity, and monitor whether burnout interventions actually preserve clinical hours in underserved markets.

Demographic slice none. tracks provider burnout, not patient demographics.

Sources